Medieval Facts That Prove Life Was Much Darker Than Folklore

Medieval Facts That Prove Life Was Much Darker Than Folklore


May 12, 2025 | Marlon Wright

Medieval Facts That Prove Life Was Much Darker Than Folklore


A Time Stranger Than Fiction

Medieval life was raw and sometimes downright bizarre. Beyond kings and cathedrals, the era brimmed with customs that seem unthinkable today, but they really happened.

Wild Medieval Facts

Doctors Diagnosed Illness By Tasting Urine

Physicians believed bodily fluids held clues to internal health. Urine was inspected for smell and taste. Sweetness might indicate diabetes. Medical charts called "urine wheels" helped match samples with conditions. This was standard across medieval Europe.

File:Medieval Urine Wheel.jpgDerbrauni, Wikimedia Commons

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Leech Therapy Was A Routine Prescription

Bloodletting was central to medieval medicine, and leeches were a popular tool. Doctors believed removing "bad blood" could balance the humors and treat anything from fever to mental illness. Apothecaries stocked leeches, and aristocrats often kept them at home for personal use.

File:Leeching-large.jpegBossche, Guillaume van den, Wikimedia Commons

Trepanation Involved Drilling Holes Into Skulls

To relieve pressure or release "evil spirits," surgeons used to bore holes into patients' skulls. This risky procedure, called trepanation, was surprisingly standard. Skulls from the era show bone regrowth, which meant some patients survived. It was used for seizures and behavioral changes.

File:Attributed to Joos van Craesbeeck - Extracting the stone of madness, Lot 41.jpgJoos van Craesbeeck, Wikimedia Commons

Bubonic Plague Was Blamed On "Bad Air"

Long before germ theory, people believed diseases came from foul-smelling air, or "miasma". During plague outbreaks, cities burned aromatic herbs, and doctors wore beaked masks stuffed with spices. While the real culprit was fleas on rats, this airborne theory guided much of medieval public health.

File:Professional plague doctor.jpgFlickr: Torley, Wikimedia Commons

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Barber-Surgeons Cut Hair—And Limbs

Barbers did more than trim hair; they also pulled teeth and amputated limbs. Although they lacked formal training, they served as the primary medical providers for commoners. Their striped poles, red for blood and white for bandages, symbolized this grisly dual role.

File:Barber-Surgeon operating on the head. Wellcome M0007660.jpgFae, Wikimedia Commons

Toothaches Were Blamed On Demonic Worms

This folk theory was accepted by commoners and educated physicians and even appeared in formal medical texts. To relieve dental pain, people believed worms had burrowed into teeth. As a remedy, they burned pungent herbs near the mouth in hopes of smoking them out.

File:Johann Liss 002a.jpgJohann Liss / After Lucas van Leyden, Wikimedia Commons

People Avoided Baths For Fear Of Illness

After the Black Death, fear of disease led many to avoid bathing, though it had been common earlier. Public bathhouses declined as hot water was thought to open pores to illness. Still, people used scented clothes and maintained some hygiene habits like hand-washing.

Wild Medieval FactsDiliff, CC BY 2.5, Wikimedia Commons

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Bad Weather Was Blamed On Sin And Sorcery 

Medieval Europeans often linked storms or droughts to divine punishment for sins like adultery or murder. Clergy led penance rituals to stop God’s wrath. Later, witches were also blamed for conjuring tempests to destroy crops, especially during famines or colder decades.

File:Lightning Pritzerbe 01 (MK).jpgMathias Krumbholz, Wikimedia Commons

Midwives Walked A Line Between Healers And Heretics

Midwives delivered babies and managed women's health, but they worked without church or university sanction. That independence made them targets. Some were revered, others accused of witchcraft. Their knowledge of herbs and remedies was both a lifeline and a liability in suspicious times.

File:A woman seated on a obstetrical chair giving birth aided by Wellcome V0014914EL.jpgFae, Wikimedia Commons

Church Bells Were Rung To Stop Storms

Church towers treated bell-ringing as a sacred duty whenever storms approached. Priests climbed up to ring consecrated bells by believing the sound could scatter storm clouds and ward off demons. By doing so, they hoped to protect both homes and vulnerable crops below.

Church BellsMichael Garlick, CC BY-SA 2.0, Wikimedia Commons

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Flagellants Roamed Streets To Atone With Whips

During crises like the Black Death, bands of roving flagellants marched through towns to whip themselves to atone for humanity's sins. They believed their suffering could stop divine punishment. These public rituals attracted large audiences but often alarmed church officials.

File:The flagellants at Doornik in 1349.jpgPierart dou Tielt (fl. 1340-1360), Wikimedia Commons

Cats Were Killed For Being "Agents Of The Devil"

Black cats, in particular, were linked to witchcraft and Satan. They were hunted or thrown from towers. Pope Gregory IX's 1233 decree named “Vox in Rama” may have fueled this fear. Ironically, fewer cats led to more rats, which amplified the spread of plague across Europe.

Black catsDrL, CC BY-SA 2.5, Wikimedia Commons

Rainbows Were Seen As Divine Warnings

Rather than marvels of light, rainbows were interpreted as heavenly signs. Chronicles mention them before disasters or upheavals. Some believed they symbolized God's displeasure or promises of coming judgment. They were studied religiously and linked to scriptural prophecy.

PexelsPexels, Pixabay

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Animal Trials Were Held In Church Courts

Animals ranging from pigs to insects were tried in ecclesiastical courts for crimes such as theft or murder. Some were hanged or exiled, and legal records detailed judges and verdicts. These proceedings reflected the belief that morality applied to all beings created by God.

File:Trial of a sow and pigs at Lavegny.pngUnknown authorUnknown author, Wikimedia Commons

Dancing Plagues Spread Through Religious Fervor

In the 14th and 16th centuries, dozens of people danced uncontrollably in city streets, some until they collapsed or died. Known as dancing plagues, these episodes were often blamed on divine punishment or spiritual possession. Clergy sometimes led prayers and processions to stop the outbreaks.

File:Die Wallfahrt der Fallsuechtigen nach Meulebeeck.jpgPieter Brueghel the Elder, Wikimedia Commons

You Could Be Tried By Holding A Hot Iron

Trial by ordeal tested innocence through pain. In one method, the accused carried a red-hot iron across several paces. If their wound healed cleanly after three days, they were deemed innocent. The Church oversaw these trials and believed divine judgment would reveal the truth.

Trial by ordeal tested innocence through painUnknown author, Wikimedia Commons

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Guilt Could Be Decided By Dueling It Out

Similarly, trial by combat allowed disputing parties to fight to determine justice. Nobles used swords, while commoners sometimes fought with clubs or fists. Victory signified righteousness. Although brutal, it was legally recognized, and in some regions, women could appoint a champion to fight for them.

trial by combatunknown medieval artist, Wikimedia Commons

Punishments Varied Greatly Based On Social Class

A noble might pay a fine for the same crime, while a peasant was whipped or executed. Justice favored the wealthy. High-born offenders had legal representation and influence. Lower classes faced harsher penalties with little recourse. Law enforcement reflected rigid feudal hierarchies.

File:1794 Morgenstern Bauernhof anagoria.JPGJohann Ludwig Ernst Morgenstern, Wikimedia Commons

Public Humiliation Was A Common Penalty

Many offenders faced humiliation instead of prison. Stocks and shaming parades made examples of wrongdoers. Offenders were immobilized in wooden frames while townspeople jeered or pelted them with waste. These punishments were meant to restore order by publicly reinforcing social norms and expectations.

File:Stocks (PSF).pngPearson Scott Foresman, Wikimedia Commons

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Gossip Alone Could Land You In Prison

In tight-knit communities, rumors often traveled quickly and reached the ears of authorities. Even whispered accusations of heresy or treason could result in arrest. Because formal evidence was rarely required, hearsay alone could lead to sentencing, particularly when it aligned with local fears or politics.

File:Galileo before the Holy Office - Joseph-Nicolas Robert-Fleury, 1847.pngJoseph-Nicolas Robert-Fleury, Wikimedia Commons

Some Criminals Were Declared "Wolves Of Society"

Habitual offenders or those who fled justice were declared outlaws or "Wolves of Society." This meant they lost all legal protections. Anyone could harm or kill them without punishment. These declarations effectively erased someone from civic life by casting them as enemies of order.

File:Robin Hood Memorial.jpgOlaf1541, Wikimedia Commons

Sleep Happened In Two Distinct Shifts

People didn't sleep in one long stretch. Instead, they often went to bed shortly after nightfall, woke around midnight for a few hours, then returned to sleep. This "first" and "second" sleep was used for prayer or quiet tasks. This biphasic sleep was common before the Industrial Revolution.

File:Seven sleepers (Menologion of Basil II).jpgAnonymousUnknown author, Wikimedia Commons

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Entire Families Slept In One Bed

Privacy was rare. Families, including children and sometimes guests, often shared a large bed for warmth and space-saving. Servants might sleep on the floor nearby. Sleeping arrangements reflected necessity more than comfort, with blankets made of wool and straw mattresses stuffed with chaff or feathers.

File:Domenico Fetti - Sleeping Girl - WGA7863.jpgDomenico Fetti, Wikimedia Commons

Beer Was Safer To Drink Than Water

Since water sources were often contaminated, people considered beer a safer choice. Even weak beer was boiled during brewing, which helped kill harmful microbes. Children and adults drank "small beer" daily by depending on it as a nutritious and reliable alternative to untreated water.

File:Woman brewing beer.jpgUnknown authorUnknown author, Wikimedia Commons

People Used Leaves, Moss, Or Shells As Toilet Paper

Toilet paper didn't exist. Instead, people cleaned themselves with natural materials like moss or corn cobs. In wealthier homes, wool or rags might have been used. Public latrines were often built over rivers or cesspits, though many simply relieved themselves in fields or alleyways.

Medieval toilet Throw it away, CC BY-SA 4.0, Wikimedia Commons

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Town Criers Were The Original Breaking News

Most people couldn't read, so the news spread aloud. Town criers walked through streets announcing royal edicts or important events. Bells or drums drew attention. Their messages shaped public understanding, and in many places, interfering with a crier was punishable by law.

File:Town Crier with Stick and Gong (Hearing).jpgAdriaen van Ostade, Wikimedia Commons

Most Clothes Were Never Truly Washed

Washing clothes was labor-intensive and rare. People spot-cleaned stains or aired garments out. Linen underclothes were changed more often by absorbing sweat and dirt from wool outer garments. Complete washing involved soaking in lye and beating garments—too harsh for frequent use.

Historical LaundryHistorical Laundry Part 2: No Washing Machine, No Dryer, Hit It With A Stick? by Townsends

Meals Were Eaten From Shared Bowls, By Hand

Communal eating was every day. Families and guests ate from large shared bowls using their hands or simple knives. Spoons existed but were scarce. The bread was often served on a plate. Manners mattered, and reaching across the table or double-dipping could draw a sharp scolding.

File:Peasants breaking bread.jpgPeter Isotalo, Wikimedia Commons

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Candle Clocks Helped Track Time After Sundown

Without mechanical clocks, people used candles marked with hourly intervals. As the wax melted, it revealed how much time had passed. These "candle clocks" helped monks keep prayer schedules and allowed households to organize activities after sunset when daylight no longer guided routines.

File:Kerzenuhr.jpgde:Benutzer:Flyout, Wikimedia Commons

Knights Swore Chivalry, But Often Ignored It

Knights were expected to uphold courage and protect the weak. In practice, many used their status to exploit others. Chronicles describe knights raiding villages by demanding tribute or ignoring codes entirely when pursuing personal gain. The ideal of chivalry rarely matched reality.

File:Meister der Manessischen Liederhandschrift 001.jpgMaster of the Codex Manesse, Wikimedia Commons

Courtly Love Involved Secret Codes And Rituals

Courtly love glorified noble romance under a veil of strict conventions, which meant lovers communicated through coded messages and symbolic tokens. While adultery was often suggested, it rarely crossed into reality. And troubadours romanticized these unattainable passions while upholding social duty.

File:Leighton-God Speed!.jpgEdmund Leighton, Wikimedia Commons

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Castles Were Cold, Damp, And Infested

Stone castles looked good but were uncomfortable. Rooms were drafty, and moisture soaked into the walls. Lice and rats were common. Even royalty endured the chill by relying on furs and rush-covered floors to insulate. A castle's power far outweighed its comfort.

File:Bedroom in Dover Castle keep.jpgNilfanion, Wikimedia Commons

Children Were Betrothed Before They Could Talk

Noble families arranged marriages early to secure alliances. Toddlers were promised to each other in formal agreements, with ceremonies and witnesses. These pacts prioritized lineage and politics over affection. Children had no say, and many met their future spouses directly as teens.

File:Lodewijk XIV-Marriage.jpgAntoine Dieu, Wikimedia Commons

Jousting Was Not A Sport—It Was Survival

Early jousts were brutal trials of strength and precision long before they became romanticized spectacles. Blunted weapons appeared later, but serious injuries still plagued contestants. Knights could be unhorsed or even killed. Those who triumphed earned public acclaim and lasting reputations for martial skills.

Jousting Clinton & Charles Robertson from Del Rio, Texas & College Station, TX, USA, CC BY-SA 2.0, Wikimedia Commons

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Feasts Included Peacock, Swan, And Jelly Towers

Medieval feasts were lavish performances of wealth where guests dined on roasted peacocks and swans with feathers reattached for display. Jelly towers and sugar sculptures also adorned tables. These events featured music and servers in costume, all designed to impress.

File:Banquet du paon.jpgAnonymous 15th century painter, Wikimedia Commons

Books Were Chained To Desks In Libraries

Books were rare and expensive, copied by hand over months. To prevent theft, libraries chained them to desks. Visitors read in place by turning heavy pages with care. Even monasteries followed this practice and kept sacred texts secure while allowing scholarly access.

Books Were Chainedpellethepoet, Wikimedia Commons

Only About 1% Of The Population Could Read

Literacy rates in late medieval Europe ranged from 5% to 10%, which depended on time and place. While clergy and nobility dominated literacy, some urban artisans and merchants could read. Most relied on oral tradition, as church-run schools were mainly for the elites.

File:Parish priests and their people in the Middle Ages in England (1898) (14782479392).jpgInternet Archive Book Images, Wikimedia Commons

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Latin Was Used For Everything Official—Even Marriage Records

Latin served as the universal language of law and scholarship. Marriage contracts and legal disputes were recorded in Latin. While locals spoke vernacular dialects, official scribes used Latin to preserve uniformity across kingdoms and church institutions.

File:Marriage 1369.jpgChroniques de Saint-Denis (1270-1380), Wikimedia Commons

Alchemy And Astrology Were Taught In Universities

Medieval universities taught both astrology and alchemy as legitimate fields. Astrology explored celestial influence on earthly matters, while alchemy aimed to change substances, especially turning metals into gold. Though now dismissed as pseudoscience, these were once respected by scholars.

File:Alchemical laboratory Wellcome M0005193.jpgFae, Wikimedia Commons

Students Sometimes Carried Swords To Class

University life could be unruly. Students, often from noble families, carried swords, and clashes between student factions or with townspeople were common. Some towns imposed curfews to manage this violence. Despite the chaos, students attended lectures in Latin and lived under strict, church-enforced rules.

File:Meeting of doctors at the university of Paris.jpgEtienne Colaud, Wikimedia Commons

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Medieval Books Were Made From Animal Skins

Instead of paper, medieval books were made from parchment—animal skins prepared through labor-intensive processes. These pages, often from sheep or goats, were durable and costly. As a result, books were prized possessions, created slowly and reserved for religious or scholarly purposes.

File:Sachsenspiegel.jpgBritta Lauer; Stadtbibliothek Duisburg, Wikimedia Commons

Metal Sewing Needles Were Reserved For The Wealthy

Metal sewing needles were rare and expensive, likely owned by wealthier individuals. Common households relied on thorns or sharpened wood to mend garments. A metal needle, due to its durability and scarcity, was considered a prized possession in any domestic setting.

Metal Sewing NeedlesThe Portable Antiquities Scheme/ The Trustees of the British Museum, CC BY-SA 4.0, Wikimedia Commons

Salt Was Extremely Valuable

Salt preserved food before refrigeration, which made it critical for survival. Its scarcity made it a highly valued and traded commodity, often taxed by monarchs. Some towns grew wealthy through salt production and trade, while royal treasuries profited from regulating distribution.

File:Salzbergwerk, Deutschen Museum.JPGHigh Contrast, Wikimedia Commons

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Scribes Wrote Texts For Authors

Scribes did the writing, not the authors themselves. Medieval writers usually dictated their words to trained copyists who produced the manuscripts by hand. These scribes sometimes inserted notes or edits, subtly shaping how texts were preserved and influencing the final form that reached readers.

File:The Scribe at Work.jpgJean Le Tavernier, Wikimedia Commons


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