A group of astrophysicists discovered interstellar tunnels, a possible key to distant travel.

A group of astrophysicists discovered interstellar tunnels, a possible key to distant travel.


April 18, 2025 | Peter Kinney

A group of astrophysicists discovered interstellar tunnels, a possible key to distant travel.


Starry Secrets 

Space isn't empty. It has structure, movement, and now even tunnels. Obviously, it's not the kind you drive through, but something much more interesting. And we never knew they existed until now.

Astronaut

Discovery Confirmation

Quite recently, a group of scientists headed by examiners from the Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics in Germany confirmed an interesting discovery. It was mainly linked with interstellar tunnels connecting the Local Hot Bubble (LHB) to distant star systems. 

File:Illustration of the Local Bubble's Star-forming Regions (2022-006).pngILLUSTRATION: CfA, Leah Hustak (STScI), Wikimedia Commons

Advertisement

Dedicated Research Team

Key contributors to the study include Michael Yeung, a PhD student specializing in high-energy astrophysics, and Michael Freyberg, an astronomer at the institute. The research team also included collaborators from establishments like the University of Science and Technology of China.

Black HoleBuradaki, Shutterstock

X-Ray Telescope

Using advanced X-ray data from the eROSITA telescope, part of the Spectrum-Roentgen-Gamma mission, they created a detailed 3D map of the LHB, revealing plasma-filled pathways stretching toward constellations like Centaurus and Canis Major. Their findings were published in Astronomy & Astrophysics and have reshaped similar theories.

File:EROSITA Animation (48092069748).pngDLR_de, Wikimedia Commons

Local Hot Bubble Structure

The resulting tunnels exist within the Local Hot Bubble (LHB), a 300-light-year-wide region surrounding our solar system. This bubble contains hot, low-density plasma at millions of degrees Celsius, which is developed by supernova explosions that occurred millions of years ago.

File:Solar System true color.jpgCactiStaccingCrane, Wikimedia Commons

Advertisement

Bubble Dimensions

The Local Hot Bubble, also known as the Local Bubble, is a massive cavity in the interstellar medium spanning approximately 1,000 light-years. It is part of the Orion Arm of the Milky Way galaxy and has an elongated or hourglass-like shape. 

Local BubbleIncredible Discovery About The 1000 Light Year Local Bubble by Anton Petrov

Formation Mechanism

A couple of supernova explosions ejected enormous energy, clearing out surrounding gas and dust. Stellar winds from nearby stars further shaped these structures. These winds are streams of charged particles ejected from the outer atmospheres of stars, which can heat and clear out surrounding material.

File:Supernova (CGI).jpgMTV International on Youtube, Wikimedia Commons

Detection Technology

The eRosita X-ray telescope aboard the Spectrum-Roentgen-Gamma mission provided important data. After all, it specializes in detecting soft X-rays emitted by hot plasma with energies below 0.2 keV. These emissions are characteristic of the million-degree gas filling the LHB.

File:SPEKTR RG.pngDLR German Aerospace Center, Wikimedia Commons

Advertisement

Observation Methods

eROSITA’s ability to observe from an orbit external to Earth's geocorona eliminates contamination from solar wind charge exchange, ensuring accurate data collection. eROSITA's sensitivity and spectral resolution surpass previous X-ray observatories like ROSAT. This permitted scientists to detect variations in temperature within the LHB.

File:03 Solar Wind (2819711753).jpgImage Editor, Wikimedia Commons

Cosmic Mapping

Using eROSITA's data, researchers crafted a detailed three-dimensional model of the LHB's hot gas distribution. This model brought to their sight asymmetries in temperature and shape, which in turn provided insights into the bubble's dynamic evolution influenced by past supernova explosions. 

Cosmic Bubble A Mysterious Cosmic Bubble Has Surrounded The Solar System And We Finally Know Its Origin by The Secrets of the Universe

Mapping Methodology

Basically, those involved took on a systematic approach to divide the sky into thousands of observational sectors based on signal-to-noise ratios. They did so by combining eROSITA matter with earlier ROSAT survey results. This contour binning method allowed them to focus on regions with consistent X-ray emission levels.

Cosmic Bubble A Mysterious Cosmic Bubble Has Surrounded The Solar System And We Finally Know Its Origin by The Secrets of the Universe

Advertisement

Data Collection

Note that the bins were carefully aligned with features such as superbubbles and supernova remnants. The eROSITA telescope provided high-resolution data in the soft X-ray range (0.2–10 keV). It literally captured emissions from hot plasma within the LHB.

File:Keplers supernova.jpgNASA/ESA/JHU/R.Sankrit & W.Blair, Wikimedia Commons

Interstellar Channels

Here’s what was found. The 3D maps revealed large-scale tunnels or channels extending from the LHB toward Centaurus and Canis Major. These channels are gaps within cooler interstellar material, filled with hot plasma, and likely connect the LHB to neighboring superbubbles.

Interstellar ChannelsBuradaki, Shutterstock

Centaurus 

Centaurus is a prominent constellation located in the southern hemisphere. It is one of the largest and brightest constellations in the night sky, rich in stars and deep-sky objects. The constellation is named after the mythological creature, the centaur, which is half-human and half-horse.

File:Centaurus A.jpgESO, Wikimedia Commons

Advertisement

Canis Major 

About Canis Major, it means "Greater Dog”. This is another huge constellation located in the southern celestial hemisphere and is best known for containing Sirius, the brightest star in Earth's night sky. Canis Major spans an area of approximately 380 square degrees.

File:CanisMajorCC.jpgTill Credner, Wikimedia Commons

Temperature Variations

Additionally, the maps showed great temperature variations across the LHB, with hotter regions near these channels. This suggests recent supernova activity may have reheated parts of the bubble. The Galactic South was slightly hotter, with temperatures around 0.12 keV (1.4 million Kelvin).

File:NGC 4414 (NASA-med).jpgThe Hubble Heritage Team (AURA/STScI/NASA)NASA Headquarters - Greatest Images of NASA (NASA-HQ-GRIN), Wikimedia Commons

Pressure Connections

These variations provide critical insights into the bubble's evolution and connections to neighboring superbubbles, which are facilitated by interstellar tunnels acting as "openings". Areas with lower thermal pressure suggest openings or "escape tunnels" connecting the LHB to superbubbles like the Gum Nebula.

File:The star formation region Gum 41.jpgESO, Wikimedia Commons

Advertisement

Interstellar Connectivity

The tunnels function as "cosmic highways," connecting star-forming regions and pockets of heated gas. They are basically remnants of ancient supernova explosions, where massive stars reached the end of their life cycles and exploded. This causes the release of enormous energy.

File:GKPersei-MiniSuperNova-20150316.jpgX-ray: NASA/CXC/RIKEN/D.Takei et al; Optical: NASA/STScI; Radio: NRAO/VLA, Wikimedia Commons

Star Formation

Redistributing gas and dust through these tunnels creates favorable conditions for star formation in connected regions. Heavy elements essential for planet formation are also distributed via these pathways. They play an important role in forming life-supporting environments across galaxies.

File:PIA23865-W51Nebula-StarFactory-20200825.jpgNASA/JPL-Caltech, Wikimedia Commons

Previous Theories 

The discovery of an interstellar tunnel within the Local Hot Bubble aligns with a 1974 theory. The theory was introduced to explain unusual observations of X-ray emissions in the Milky Way. Scientists hypothesized that these emissions could originate from hot plasma within superbubbles.

File:Milky Way Galaxy.jpgNick Risinger, Wikimedia Commons

Advertisement

Previous Theories (Cont.)

It proposed that these superbubbles were not isolated but linked by tunnels or pathways that allow material to flow between regions. As bubbles expand and collide, they create tunnels at their interfaces. What is formed then is a network-like galactic structure.

File:LHA 120-N 44.jpgOptical: ESO, X-ray: NASA/CXC/U.Mich./S.Oey, IR: NASA/JPL, Wikimedia Commons

Magnetic Field Elements 

Magnetic fields intricately shape and maintain these tunnels. They guide charged particles within the plasma, ensuring they move along specific pathways. This guidance is essential for maintaining the structure of interstellar tunnels over vast distances.

File:Artist’s impression of the magnetar in the star cluster Westerlund 1.jpgESO/L. Calçada, Wikimedia Commons

Impact On Dust Dynamics

Dust grains, which are critical for cooling gas clouds and enabling star formation, are also carried along these channels. This interaction can alter their size, composition, and distribution. Reportedly, observations from NASA's James Webb Space Telescope have shown such networks in nearby galaxies shaped by similar processes.

File:The Mysterious Case of the Disappearing Dust.jpgNASA/JPL-Caltech, Wikimedia Commons

Advertisement

Computational Modeling Challenges

Scientists are employing complex computational simulations to model the dynamics and evolution of interstellar tunnels, such as those discovered within the Local Hot Bubble. These simulations aim to predict how these pathways impact galactic growth over millions of years and influence the formation of new stellar systems.

File:Localbubble formation.gifCatherine Zucker, Alyssa A. Goodman, Michael Foley, Douglas Finkbeiner (Harvard–Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics), Wikimedia Commons

Future Research Directions

Future research in multi-wavelength observations wants to combine X-ray data, such as that from eROSITA, with observations across other wavelengths. For e.g. optical, infrared, ultraviolet, and radio. Multi-wavelength imaging has been used previously to study star-forming regions like the Large Magellanic Cloud.

File:Large Magellanic Cloud.pngPablo Carlos Budassi, Wikimedia Commons


READ MORE

Internalfb Image

Things You Didn't Know About The Great Pyramid Of Giza

You know the Great Pyramid—it's in nearly every history book. But behind those huge blocks lies a story packed with scientific secrets. What do air vents and starlight have in common? More than you think.
May 1, 2025 Alex Summers
Fct Internal + Fb Image Lucy Fossil

50 years ago, a legendary fossil named Lucy completely changed our understanding of human evolution.

In 1974, something ancient stirred beneath the Ethiopian soil. A chance discovery in the Afar Depression would soon draw the world's attention to a remote patch of earth and a skeleton that had quietly waited for millions of years to be found.
May 1, 2025 Miles Brucker
Internalfb Image

Things Everyone Did In The 1960s That Zoomers Would Consider Insane Today

The 1960s were a golden era for beehive hairdos and Beatles mania, but everyday habits back then could leave today's youth scratching their heads in disbelief.
May 1, 2025 Alex Summers
The popular Stanley Hotel in Estes Park, Colorado.

The Creepiest Places in the World

The world can be a vast, terrifying place—but some locations have utterly chilling histories that aren't for the faint of heart.
May 1, 2025 Samantha Henman

Solving America's Oldest Unsolved Murder

Jamestown is known as the site of the first English settlement in the United States, but did you know it was the site of America's first unsolved murder? Until recently, when scientists cracked the case of the 1624 death of a young man named George Harrison.
May 1, 2025 Jack Hawkins

The Things People In Each State Hate The Most

In very state there is one thing that folks hate more than anything else. These are those things...
April 30, 2025 Jesse Singer